a battle-axe

axe, hatchet, battle-axe.

* * *

sĕcūris, is (acc. securim, Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 17; id. Men. 5, 2, 105; Cic. Mur. 24, 48; id. Planc. 29, 70; Verg. A. 2, 224; 11, 656; 696; Ov. M. 8, 397; Liv. 1, 40, 7; 3, 36, 4; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 201; cf. Gell. 13, 21, 6:

securem,

Liv. 3, 36, 4; 8, 7, 20; 9, 16, 17; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 123; Varr. ap. Non. p. 79; Val. Max. 1, 3, ext. 3; 3, 2, ext. 1; Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 29; Lact. Mort. Pers. 31, 2; Amm. 30, 8, 5; cf. Prisc. 758; abl. securi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 25; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7; 2, 1, 5, § 12; 2, 4, 64, § 144; 2, 5, 50, § 133; Verg. A. 6, 824; 7, 510; Cat. 17, 19; Ov. H. 16, 105; Liv. 2, 5, 8 et saep.:

secure,

App. M. 8, p. 216, 1; Tert. Pud. 16), f. [seco], an axe or hatchet with a broad edge (cf. bipennis).

In gen., as a domestic utensil, Cato, R. R. 10, 3; Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 17; id. Bacch. 5, 1, 31:

rustica,

Cat. 19, 3 al. —For felling trees, Cat. 17, 19; Verg. A. 6, 180; Ov. F. 4, 649; id. M. 9, 374; Hor. S. 1, 7, 27; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 188.—For hewing stones in the quarries, Stat. S. 2, 2, 87. —For fighting, a battle-axe, Verg. A. 11, 656; 11, 696; 12, 306; 7, 184; 7, 627; Hor. C. 4, 4, 20 al.:

anceps,

a two-edged axe, Ov. M. 8, 397 (just before, bipennifer).—For slaying animals for sacrifice, Hor. C. 3, 23, 12; Verg. A. 2, 224; Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 5; id. M. 12, 249.—As the cutting edge of a vine-dresser's bill, Col. 4, 25, 4 et saep.—

In partic.

Lit., an executioner ' s axe, for beheading criminals [p. 1656] (borne by the lictors in the fasces;

v. fascis): missi lictores ad sumendum supplicium nudatos virgis caedunt securique feriunt,

i. e. behead them, Liv. 2. 5; so,

securi ferire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 75; Hirt. B. G. 8, 38 fin.:

percutere,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Sen. Ira, 2, 5, 5; Flor. 1, 9, 5:

strictae in principum colla secures,

id. 2, 5, 4:

necare,

Liv. 10, 9:

securibus cervices subicere,

Cic. Pis. 34, 83 (cf. infra, B.); id. Verr. 2, 5, 9, § 22:

Publicola statim secures de fascibus demi jussit,

id. Rep. 2, 31, 55; cf. Lucr. 3, 996; 5, 1234:

nec sumit aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis aurae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 20:

saevumque securi Aspice Torquatum (as having caused his own son to be executed),

Verg. A. 6, 824.—Comically, in a double sense, acc. to I.:

te, cum securi, caudicali praeficio provinciae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 25:

securis Tenedia,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 11, 2; Front. ad M. Caes. 1, 9 init.; v. Tenedos.—

Trop.

A blow, death-blow, etc.:

graviorem rei publicae infligere securim,

to give a death-blow, Cic. Planc. 29, 70; cf.:

quam te securim putas injecisse petitioni tuae, cum? etc. (just before: plaga est injecta petitioni tuae),

id. Mur. 24, 48.—

With reference to the axe in the fasces, authority, dominion, sovereignty.

Usu. in plur.: Gallia securibus subjecta, perpetuā premitur servitute, i. e. to Roman supremacy, * Caes. B. G. 7, 77 fin.; cf.:

vacui a securibus et tributis,

Tac. A. 12, 34:

consulis inperium hic primus saevasque secures Accipiet,

Verg. A. 6, 819: Medus Albanas timet secures, i. e. the Roman authority or dominion, Hor. C. S. 54:

ostendam multa securibus recidenda,

Sen. Ep. 88, 38.—

In sing. ( poet.):

Germania colla Romanae praebens animosa securi,

Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 45.

* * *

bĭpennis ( - pinnis), e, adj. [bispenna], having two wings, two-winged (very rare):

insectum,

Plin. 11, 28, 33, § 96 (cf. just before, binis advolat pinnis): plumae, Varr. ap. Non. p. 79, 17.

bĭpennis, e ( acc. sing. reg. bipennem, Varr. ap. Non. p. 79, 19; Verg. A. 5, 307; 11, 651; Petr. 132, 8; Juv. 6, 657; Claud. in Eutr. 1, 333; Sil. 5, 64: bipennim, only in Ov. M. 8, 766, with the var. lect. bipennem.— Abl. sing. reg. bipenni, Verg. A. 2, 479; Ov. M. 12, 611; Petr. 89, 24; Sen. Herc. Oet. 800; Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 345; id. Rapt. Pros. 3, 79; 3, 377; Sil. 16, 264;

and in prose,

Plin. 8, 8, 8, § 26:

bipenne, only once,

Tib. 1, 6, 47) [bis-pinna].

Adj., having two edges, two-edged: securis, Varr. ap. Non. p. 79, 19:

ferrum,

Verg. A. 11, 135.—Far more freq.,

Subst.: bĭpen-nis, is, f. (sc. securis; cf. Prisc. p. 652 P.), an axe with two edges, a battle-axe (mostly poet.; only found in the nom., dat., acc., and abl. sing., and in nom. and abl. plur.):

bipennis dicitur, quod ex utrāque parte habeat acutam aciem, quasi duas pennas. Pennum autem antiqui acutum dicebant,

Isid. Orig. 19, 19, 11; cf. id. ib. 11, 1, 46:

a pinnā (quod est acutum) securis utrinque habens aciem bipennis,

Quint. 1, 4, 12:

correptā dura bipenni Limina perrumpit,

Verg. A. 2, 479; 2, 627; 11, 135; id. G. 4, 331; Ov. M. 5, 79; 12, 611; Phaedr. 4, 6, 7; Tac. Agr. 10:

duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57; so Claud. in Eutr. 2, 414; id. Laud. Stil. 1, 231; Plin. 8, 8, 8, § 26; Sil. 16, 264.

* * *

* * *

arma, ōrum, n. ( gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ARÔ, arariskô = to fit; arthron = joint; harmos = armus = joint, shoulder; artaô = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; artios = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].

Lit.

1.. What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.:

tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium,

Liv. 45, 39:

induere arma,

id. 30, 31:

arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere,

id. 1, 43:

pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis,

id. 7, 10. —

Specifically, a shield:

at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant,

on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841:

caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur,

Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43:

Aeneas se collegit in arma,

gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,

Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26:

arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum,

Cic. Caec. 21:

armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis,

id. Fam. 6, 2:

illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16:

ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60:

arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei,

Lucr. 5, 1283; so,

Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.:

capere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7:

sumere,

id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30:

accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere,

ib. Psa. 34, 2:

resumere,

Suet. Calig. 48:

aptare,

Liv. 5, 49:

induere,

id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126:

accingi armis,

Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11:

armis instructus,

ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13:

concitare ad arma,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

descendere ad arma,

id. ib. 7, 33:

vocare ad arma,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

vocare in arma,

Verg. A. 9, 22:

ferre contra aliquem,

Vell. 2, 56:

decernere armis,

Cic. Att. 7, 3:

armis cum hoste certare,

id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so,

saevis armis,

Verg. A. 12, 890:

dimicare armis cum aliquo,

Nep. Milt. 1, 2:

esse in armis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69:

ponere, abicere,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2:

relinquere,

Liv. 2, 10:

tradere,

Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10:

amittere,

Verg. A. 1, 474:

proicere,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43;

7, 44: deripere militibus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 19:

dirimere,

Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24:

tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes,

Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33:

armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque),

with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—

Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons:

tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

prudentiae,

id. ib. 1, 38, 172:

senectutis,

id. Lael. 4. 9:

tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33:

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 12, 21:

facundiae,

id. 2, 16, 10:

justitiae,

Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7:

arma lucis,

ib. Rom. 13, 12:

horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas,

Ov. M. 15, 471:

haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67:

arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.

War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra):

silent leges inter arma,

Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5:

arma civilia,

civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9:

civilia arma,

id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13):

ab externis armis otium erat,

Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.:

a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae,

Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero):

ad horrida promptior arma,

Ov. M. 1, 126:

qui fera nuntiet arma,

id. ib. 5, 4;

14, 479: compositis venerantur armis,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Æneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7:

melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis,

Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.:

cedant arma togae,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest:

in arma feror,

Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—

(Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops:

nulla usquam apparuerunt arma,

Liv. 41, 12:

nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum,

id. 9, 9; 21, 26:

Hispanias armis non ita redundare,

Tac. H. 2, 32:

expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum,

neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—

Transf., poet. (like hoplon and entea in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking:

Cerealia arma,

the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: entea daitos). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35:

dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship ( mast, sails, rudder, etc.):

colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis,

Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings:

haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments,

Mart. 14, 36.

ferrum, i, n. [cf. Sanscr. dharti, firmness; Lat. firmus], iron.

Lit., Plin. 34, 14, 39, § 138; Lucr. 1, 571; 5, 1241; 1286; Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151; id. Leg. 2, 18, 45; Caes. B. G. 5, 12, 5; Hor. S. 1, 4, 20 et saep.:

mustum quod resipit ferrum,

has a taste of iron, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 3.—

Poet.

As a fig. of hard-heartedness, unfeelingness, cruelty, etc.:

gerere ferrum in pectore,

Ov. M. 9, 614; cf.:

ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde,

id. ib. 7, 33:

durior ferro,

id. ib. 14, 712; hence for the iron age, id. ib. 1, 127; 15, 260; Hor. Epod. 16, 65.—

As an image of firmness, endurance, Ov. Pont. 4, 10, 3.—

Transf., any thing made of iron, an iron implement, as a plough: glebas proscindere ferro, Lucil. ap. Non. 401, 19:

solum terrae,

Lucr. 5, 1295; cf.

also, campum,

Ov. M. 7, 119:

ferro scindimus aequor,

Verg. G. 1, 50; a hatchet:

ferro mitiget agrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 186; an axe:

mordaci velut icta ferro Pinus,

id. C. 4, 6, 9; 4, 4, 60 (for which, shortly before, bipennis); cf. Lucr. 6, 168; a dart:

petita ferro belua,

Hor. Epod. 5, 10; the tip of an arrow:

exstabat ferrum de pectore aduncum,

Ov. M. 9, 128; the head (of a spear), Tac. G. 6; an iron stylus:

dextra tenet ferrum,

id. ib. 9, 522; hair-scissors:

solitus longos ferro resecare capillos,

id. ib. 11, 182; curling-irons:

crines vibratos calido ferro,

Verg. A. 12, 100 et saep.—Esp. freq. a sword:

Drusum ferro. Metellum veneno sustulerat,

Cic. N. D. 3, 33, 81:

in aliquem cum ferro invadere,

id. Caecin. 9, 25:

aut ferro aut fame interire,

Caes. B. G. 5, 30 fin.:

uri virgis ferroque necari,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 58; cf.:

gladiator, ferrum recipere jussus,

the stroke of the sword, Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 41. So, ferrum et ignis, like our fire and sword, to denote devastation, utter destruction:

huic urbi ferro ignique minitantur,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14, 37; cf.:

hostium urbes agrique ferro atque igni vastentur,

Liv. 31, 7, 13:

pontem ferro, igni, quacumque vi possent, interrumpant,

id. 2, 10, 4; 30, 6, 9; 1, 59, 1:

ecce ferunt Troës ferrumque ignemque Jovemque In Danaas classes,

Ov. M. 13, 91:

inque meos ferrum flammasque penates Impulit,

id. ib. 12, 551; so, conversely, igni ferroque, Cic. Phil. 13, 21, 47; Liv. 35, 21, 10; cf. Tac. A. 14, 38; Suet. Claud. 21:

flamma ferroque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 78; Flor. 2, 17, 15; 3, 18, 14; Sen. Const. Sap. 2, 2: ferrum, i. q. arms, for battle, war, force of arms: ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus, utrique, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 202 ed. Vahl.); cf.: quem nemo ferro potuit superare nec auro, id. ap. Cic. Rep. 3, 3 (Ann. v. 220 ed. Vahl.): adnuit, sese mecum decernere ferro, id. ap. Prisc. p. 822 P. (Ann. v. 136 ed. Vahl.):

decernere ferro,

Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 317; Liv. 40, 8 fin.; Verg. A. 7, 525; 11, 218:

cernere ferro,

id. ib. 12, 709:

ferro regna lacessere,

with war, id. ib. 12, 186; cf.:

atque omnis, Latio quae servit purpura ferro,

i. e. made subject by the force of arms, Luc. 7, 228.— Prov.: ferrum meum in igni est, i. q. mea nunc res agitur, Sen. Mort. Claud.